([1]) To direct the Federal Trade Commission to require entities that use, store, or share personal information to conduct automated decision system impact assessments and data protection impact assessments, Retrieved from: www.wyden.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Algorithmic%20Accountability %20Act%20of%202019%20Bill%20Text.pdf. date:20 November 2023.
Also see: Booker, Wyden, Clarke Introduce Bill Requiring Companies To Target Bias In Corporate Algorithms, Retrieved from: www.booker.senate.gov/news/press/booker-wyden-clarke-introduce-bill-requiring-companies-to-target-bias-in- corporate-algorithms. at: 27 January 2024.
([1]) John Albert, Not a solution: Meta’s new AI system to contain discriminatory ads, Retrieved from: https://algorithmwatch.org/en/meta-discriminatory-ads. date: 27 January 2024.
([1]) Ada Lovelace, www.adalovelaceinstitute.org, date: 15 November 2023.
([1]) FAT/ML, www.fatml.org, date: 15 November 2023.
([1]) Electronic Frontier Foundation, www.eff.org/ar, date: 15 November 2023.
([1]) The Algorithmic Justice League, www.ajl.org, 19 November 2023.
([1]) Algorithm literacy, https://algorithmliteracy.org, 19 November 2023.
([1]) Nicolas Kayser-Bril, A European newsroom to investigate automated systems, Retrieved from: https://algorithmwatch.org/en/newsroom-automated-systems, date: 27 January 2024
([1]) Shuai Huang, How Does China Address Platform Accountability in Algorithmic Decision-Making?, retrieved from:www.chinajusticeobserver.com/a/how-does-china-address-platform-accountability-in-algorithmic-decision-making, at: 27 January 2024.
Also: Arendse Huld, China’s Sweeping Recommendation Algorithm Regulations in Effect from March 1,www.china-briefing.com/news/china-passes-sweeping-recommendation-algorithm-regulations-effect-march-1-2022/, at: 15 January 2024.
([1]) Gran,A.B., Booth,P., & Bucher,T. (2021). To be or not to be algorithm aware: a question of a new digital divide?. Information, Communication & Society, 24(12), 1779-1796.
([1]) Møller,L. A. (2023). Bridging the Tech-Editorial Gap: Lessons from Two Case Studies of the Development and Integration of Algorithmic Curation in Journalism. Journalism Studies, 1-18.
([1]) Lokot,T., & Diakopoulos,N. (2016). News Bots: Automating news and information dissemination on Twitter. Digital journalism, 4(6), 682-699.
([1]) Maniou,T.A., & Veglis,A. (2020). Employing a chatbot for news dissemination during crisis: Design, implementation and evaluation. Future Internet, 12(7), 109.
([1]) Shin,D. (2022). How do people judge the credibility of algorithmic sources?. Ai & Society, 1-16.
([1]) Fischer,S. Jaidka,K. & Lelkes, Y. (2020). Auditing local news presence on Google News. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(12), 1236-1244.
([1]) Shin,D. (2020). How do users interact with algorithm recommender systems? The interaction of users, algorithms, and performance. Computers in human behavior, 109, 106344..
([1]) Nechushtai,E., Zamith,R., & Lewis,S.C. (2023). More of the Same? Homogenization in News Recommendations When Users Search on Google, YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter. Mass Communication and Society, 1-27.
([1]) Fletcher,R., & Nielsen,R.K. (2018). Automated serendipity: The effect of using search engines on news repertoire balance and diversity. Digital Journalism, 6(8), 976-989.
([1]) Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., & Nielsen, R. K. (2023). More diverse, more politically varied: How social media, search engines and aggregators shape news repertoires in the United Kingdom. New Media & Society, 25(8), 2118-2139.
([1]) Thorson,K., Cotter, K., Medeiros, M., & Pak, C. (2021). Algorithmic inference, political interest, and exposure to news and politics on Facebook. Information, Communication & Society, 24(2), 183-200.
([1]) DeVito,M.A. (2017). From editors to algorithms: A values-based approach to understanding story selection in the Facebook news feed. Digital journalism, 5(6), 753-773.
([1]) Kramer,A. D., Guillory, J. E., & Hancock, J. T. (2014). Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(24), 8788.
([1]) Calderon,E. D. V., James, T. L., & Lowry, P. B. (2023). How Facebook's newsfeed algorithm shapes childhood vaccine hesitancy: An algorithmic fairness, accountability, and transparency (FAT) perspective. Data and Information Management, 100042.
- Raqazi, A. (2022). tashkil alraay aleami bayn diktaturiat aljamaeat alaiftiradiat wadiktaturiat alkhawarizimyat, Rwafid, 6(3).
([1]) Dogruel, L. (2021). Folk theories of algorithmic operations during Internet use: A mixed methods study. The Information Society, 37(5), 287-298.
([1]) Karizat, N., Delmonaco, D., Eslami, M., & Andalibi, N. (2021). Algorithmic folk theories and identity: How TikTok users co-produce Knowledge of identity and engage in algorithmic resistance. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(CSCW2), 1-44..
([1]) Bucher,T. (2019). The algorithmic imaginary: Exploring the ordinary affects of Facebook algorithms. In The Social Power of Algorithms (pp. 30-44). Routledge.
([1]) Zarouali,B., Boerman, S. C., & de Vreese, C. H. (2021). Is this recommended by an algorithm? The development and validation of the algorithmic media content awareness scale. Telematics and Informatics, 62, 101607.
([1]) Powers,E. (2017). My news feed is filtered? Awareness of news personalization among college students. Digital Journalism, 5(10), 1315-1335.
([1]) Eslami,M., Rickman,A., Vaccaro,K., Aleyasen,A., Vuong,A., Karahalios,K.& Sandvig, C. (2015, April). I always assumed that I wasn't really that close to [her] Reasoning about Invisible Algorithms in News Feeds. In Proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 153-162).
([1]) Proferes,N. (2017). Information flow solipsism in an exploratory study of beliefs about Twitter. Social Media+ Society, 3(1), 2056305117698493.
([1]) Makady, H. (2023). To Interact or Not to Interact with News Posts: The Role of Algorithmic Awareness& Self-Monitoring in Facebook News Consumption. Electronic News, 19312431231166933.
([1]) Shin,D., & Park, Y. J. (2019). Role of fairness, accountability, and transparency in algorithmic affordance. Computers in Human Behavior, 98, 277-284.
([1]) Shin,D. (2020). User perceptions of algorithmic decisions in the personalized AI system: Perceptual evaluation of fairness, accountability, transparency, and explain ability. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 64(4), 541-565..
([1]) Logg,J.M., Minson,J.A., & Moore,D. A. (2019). Algorithm appreciation: People prefer algorithmic to human judgment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 151, 90-103.
([1]) Thurman,N., Moeller,J., Helberger,N., & Trilling,D.(2019). My friends, editors, algorithms, and I: Examining audience attitudes to news selection. Digital journalism, 7(4), 447-469.
([1]) Araujo, T., Helberger, N., Kruikemeier, S., & De Vreese, C. H. (2020). In AI we trust? Perceptions about automated decision-making by artificial intelligence. AI & society, 35, 611-623.
([1]) Global Algorithmic Trading Market Size By Trading Type (Foreign Exchange (FOREX), Stock Markets), By Component (Solutions, Services), By Geographic Scope And Forecast. www.verifiedmarketresearch.com /product/algorithmic-trading-market/., Date: 27 January 2024.
- Ahmad, F. (2020). alkhawarizmiaat wahandasat tafdilat mustakhdimi al'iielam alaijtimaeii. Libab: lildarasat aliastiratijiat wal'iielamiati. 5(2).
([1]) Turow,J., King,J., Hoofnagle,C.J., Bleakley, A., & Hennessy, M. (2009). Americans reject tailored advertising and three activities that enable it. Available at SSRN 1478214.
([1]) Shin, D., Kee, K. F., & Shin, E. Y. (2022). Algorithm awareness: Why user awareness is critical for personal privacy in the adoption of algorithmic platforms?. International Journal of Information Management, 65, 102494.
([1]) Shin,D., Rasul, A., & Fotiadis, A. (2022). Why am I seeing this? Deconstructing algorithm literacy through the lens of users. Internet Research, 32(4), 1214-1234.
([1]) Magalhães,J. C. (2022). Algorithmic resistance as political disengagement. Media International Australia, 183(1), 77-89.
([1]) Paik,S. (2023). Journalism Ethics for the Algorithmic Era. Digital Journalism, 1-27.
([1]) Ytre-Arne, B., & Moe, H. (2021). Folk theories of algorithms: Understanding digital irritation. Media, Culture & Society, 43(5), 807-824.
([1]) DeVito,M.A., Birnholtz,J., Hancock,J.T., French, M., & Liu, S. (2018, April). How people form folk theories of social media feeds and what it means for how we study self-presentation. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1-12).
([1]) Ytre-Arne,B., & Moe, H. (2021). Folk theories of algorithms: Understanding digital irritation. op. cit.
([1]) Dogruel, L. (2021). Folk theories of algorithmic operations during Internet use: A mixed methods study. The Information Society, 37(5), 287-298.
([1]) Karizat, N., Delmonaco, D., Eslami, M., & Andalibi, N. (2021). Algorithmic folk theories and identity: How TikTok users co-produce Knowledge of identity and engage in algorithmic resistance. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(CSCW2), 1-44..
([1]) Chen,K. (2023). If it is bad, why don’t I quit? Algorithmic recommendation use strategy from folk theories. Global Media and China, 20594364231209354.
([1]) French, M., & Hancock, J. (2017). What's the folk theory? Reasoning about cyber-social systems. Reasoning About Cyber-Social Systems (February 2, 2017)..
([1]) Siles,I., Segura-Castillo, A., Solís, R., & Sancho, M. (2020). Folk theories of algorithmic recommendations on Spotify: Enacting data assemblages in the global South. Big Data & Society, 7(1), 2053951720923377.
([1]) Archambault, S G. (2022). Exploring Algorithmic Literacy for College Students: An Educator’s Roadmap (Doctoral dissertation, Loyola Marymount University).
([1]) Karizat, N., Delmonaco, D., Eslami, M., & Andalibi, N. (2021). Algorithmic folk theories and identity: How TikTok users co-produce Knowledge of identity and engage in algorithmic resistance. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(CSCW2), 1-44..
([1]) Osoba, O. A., Welser IV, W., & Welser, W. (2017). An intelligence in our image: The risks of bias and errors in artificial intelligence. Rand Corporation.
([1]) O'neil, C. (2016). Weapons of math destruction: How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Crown.
([1]) Diakopoulos, N., & Koliska, M. (2017). Algorithmic transparency in the news media. Digital journalism, 5(7), 809-828.
Also: Diakopoulos, N. (2016). Accountability in algorithmic decision making. Communications of the ACM, 59(2), 56-62.
- Aldifaei, A. (1977). mubtakir ealam aljabra: muhamad bin musaa alkhawarizami. majalat albuhuth al'iislamiati, 1(2).
([1]) Mehri, B. (2017). From Al-Khwarizmi to Algorithm. Olympiads in Informatics, 2017, Vol. 11, Special Issue, 71–74.
([1]) Archambault, S. G. (2022). Exploring Algorithmic Literacy for College Students: An Educator’s Roadmap. op. cit.
([1]) Powers, E. (2017). My news feed is filtered? Awareness of news personalization among college students. op. cit.
([1]) Archambault, S. G. (2022). Exploring Algorithmic Literacy for College Students: An Educator’s Roadmap. op. cit.
([1]) Head, A. J., Fister, B., & MacMillan, M. (2020). Information Literacy in the Age of Algorithms: Student Experiences with News and Information, and the Need for Change. Project Information Literacy.
([1]) Powers, E. (2017). My news feed is filtered? Awareness of news personalization among college students. op. cit.
([1]) Powers, E. (2017). My news feed is filtered? Awareness of news personalization among college students. op. cit.
([1]) Flinterud, G. (2023). ‘Folk’in the Age of Algorithms: Theorizing Folklore on Social Media Platforms. Folklore, 134(4), 439-461.
([1]) Archambault, S. G. (2022). Exploring Algorithmic Literacy for College Students: An Educator’s Roadmap. op. cit.
([1]) Diakopoulos, N. (2016). Accountability in algorithmic decision making. Communications of the ACM, 59(2), 56-62.
([1]) Archambault, S. G. (2022). Exploring Algorithmic Literacy for College Students: An Educator’s Roadmap. op. cit.
([1]) Diakopoulos, N. (2016). Accountability in algorithmic decision making. op. cit.
([1]) Ibid.
([1]) Latzer, M., & Festic, N. (2019). A guideline for understanding and measuring algorithmic governance in everyday life. Internet Policy Review, 8(2).
([1]) Shin,D., Zhong, B., & Biocca, F. A. (2020). Beyond user experience: What constitutes algorithmic experiences?. International Journal of Information Management, 52, 102061.
([1]) Latzer,M., & Festic, N. (2019). A guideline for understanding and measuring algorithmic governance in everyday life. op. cit.
([1]) Gran, A. B., Booth, P., & Bucher, T. (2021). To be or not to be algorithm aware: a question of a new digital divide?. op. cit.
([1]) What is the Quakebot and how does it work?, retrieved from: https://www.latimes.com/la-me-quakebot-faq-20190517-story.html, at: January 2024.
([1]) Latzer,M., & Festic, N. (2019). A guideline for understanding and measuring algorithmic governance in everyday life. op. cit.
([1]) Ibid.
([1]) Anna Stepanov, Changes to News Feed in 2021, retrieved from: https://about.fb.com/news/2021/12/changes-to-news-feed-in-2021/, at: 9th of January 2024.
([1]) Settle, J. E. (2018). Frenemies: How social media polarizes America. Cambridge University Press. P. 35-36.
([1]) Eslami,M., Rickman,A., Vaccaro,K., Aleyasen,A., Vuong,A., Karahalios,K.& Sandvig, C. (2015, April). I always assumed that I wasn't really that close to [her] Reasoning about Invisible Algorithms in News Feeds. op. cit.
([1]) Christina Newberry, 2024 Facebook Algorithm: How to Get Your Content Seen, retrieved from: https://blog.hootsuite.com/facebook-algorithm/#What_is_the_Facebook_algorithm, at, 9th of January 2024.
([1]) Anna Stepanov, Changes to News Feed in 2021, op. cit.
([1]) www.facebook.com/ads/about.
-Marzouki, H. (2023). alaitijahat aljadidat lil'iielam alraqami: aldhaka' alaistinaeia kamuharik lilaibtikar al'iielami. majalat raqminat lildirasat al'iielamiat walaitisaliati, 3 (2).
([1]) DeVito, M. A. (2017). From editors to algorithms: A values-based approach to understanding story selection in the Facebook news feed. op. cit.
([1]) Shin, D., Rasul, A., & Fotiadis, A. (2022). Why am I seeing this? Deconstructing algorithm literacy through the lens of users. op. cit.
([1]) Reviewed by: Kilian Vieth and Joanna Bronowicka, based on “The Ethics of Algorithms: from radical content to self-driving cars” with contributions from Zeynep Tufekci, Jillian C. York, Ben Wagner and Frederike Kaltheuner and an event on the Ethics of Algorithms, which took place on March 9-10, 2015 in Berlin. Retrieved from:
https://cihr.eu/eoa2015web/. At: 24 Feb. 2024.
()www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2023/12/ip_meta1223%20summaryrecs_ar.pd.
([1]) Flinterud, G. (2023). ‘Folk’in the Age of Algorithms: Theorizing Folklore on Social Media Platforms. Folklore, 134(4), 439-461..
([1]) Karizat, N., Delmonaco, D., Eslami, M., & Andalibi, N. (2021). Algorithmic folk theories and identity: How TikTok users co-produce Knowledge of identity and engage in algorithmic resistance. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(CSCW2), 1-44..
([1]) Karizat, N., Delmonaco, D., Eslami, M., & Andalibi, N. (2021). Algorithmic folk theories and identity: How TikTok users co-produce Knowledge of identity and engage in algorithmic resistance. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(CSCW2), 1-44..