Media in Saudi Arabia: The Challenge for Female Journalists

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Assistant Professor in Department of Media Faculty of Sciences and Literature Khoulod.ma@hotmail.com

Abstract

This study explores the role of women journalists in Saudi Arabia and provides more understanding of the challenges and barriers that working in the media presents for them. The social changes that are taking place may not fit well with a more conservative society, but female journalists are showing that they have been facing up to these challenges.
Using a qualitative approach, this study sought to elicit the perceptions of a range of women working in the media and also interviewed male editors to gain their perspective on females working in their domain.
The study revealed that the women chose journalism as a career because it was an area in which they excelled and which they very much enjoyed, despite numerous challenges they encountered. Although they had faced disapproval from family initially, they managed to win over parents and husbands once they started to have their work published. In more recent years the universities have been establishing media and communication courses for women and this is giving more support to journalism being a career choice. Nevertheless, it was clear that women were restricted by their gender in having access to influential chief editor positions, which were reserved for males.
It was also found that the male editors approved of women working in journalism and spoke highly of the quality of their work. However, this may also be because the women open up the readership of newspapers by writing articles targeting other women and thus increase sales.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Adorno, T. (1991). The schema of mass culture, vol. 79, London: Routledge.
Aldridge, M. (2001). ‘Confessional culture, masculinity and emotional work’. Journalism, vol. 2 (1), 91-108.
Al-Hamidan, S. (2006). ‘An interview with Ibtisam El-Jebeil’, in Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 8 October, Media Supplement.
Alireza, M. (1987). Women of Arabia. National Geographic, vol. 172 (4), 423 – 453.
Alkameis, S. (2015). Saudi Women and the Challenge of Working in the TV Industry. Unpublished PhD thesis, Griffith University
Al-Munajjed, M. (1997). Women in Saudi Arabia Today. New York: St Martin’s Press.
Al-Munajjed, M. (2006). Saudi Women Speak. 24 Remarkable Women Tell Their Success Stories. Beirut: Arab Institute for Research & Publishing
Al-Nasser, H. (2005). ‘Sherazad in the Saudi press’ Riyadh: n.p.
Al-Rasheed, M. (2013). Most Masculine State: Gender, Politics, and Religion in Saudi Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Al-Rayyes, R.N. (2004). Aker Alkoarje: Ashea mn serat sahafeah. Beirut: Riad Rayes of books and publishing.
Al-Remlawy, S., Al-Mofleh, H., Al-Hoyty, N., Al-Salem, H. & Al-Hedary, M. (2005). Fee Algrfa ALtejareea Wa Heat Alshahaf Sharekat Almrah Mrashha La Montkaba. Al-Yamama Press, March 24, 2005.
Al-Thaqafi, A. (2018). First all-women media team to be set up in Saudi Arabia. Arab News, September 11, 2018
Barnes, T. (2018). Saudi Arabia prosecutor says people who post satire on social media can be jailed. Independent, September 5, 2018.
BBC (2018). Saudi TV presenter investigated over ‘indecent’ clothing. June 27, 2018.
BBC News. (2004). Beaten Saudi woman speaks out. April 30, 2004.
BBC News. (2015). Saudi Arabia Profile – Media. [Online] Available from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14703480  (Accessed 05 May 2018)
Beling, W. (1980). King Faisal and the Modernization of Saudi Arabia, Colorado, Westview Press, Inc.
Black, I. (2006). The presentation of interpretivist research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, vol. 9 (4), 319-324.
Buunk, A.P., Zurriaga, R., Gonzalez, P. & Castro-Solano, A. (2012). Intra-sexual competition at work: Sex differences in jealousy and envy in the workplace. Revista de Psicología Social, vol. 27 (1), 85-96.
Bye, A. (2007). Obstacles to freedom of the press in Algeria, unpublished master thesis, Mentouri University, Constantine, Algeria
Byerly, C. & Ross, K. (2006). Women & Media. Oxford: Blackwell
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage.
 
Debusmann, B. (2016). Women flourish in Saudi media, says first female Editor-in-Chief. Khaleej Times, February 24, 2016.
 
Deuze, M. (2002). National News Cultures: A Comparison of Dutch, German, British, Australian, and U.S. Journalists. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, vol. 79 (1), 134-149.
Elamin, A.M. & Omair, K. (2010). Males’ attitudes towards working females in Saudi Arabia. Personnel Review, vol. 39 (6), 746-766.
El Issawi, F. (2014). Women and media: Libyan female journalists from Gaddafi media to post-revolution: case study. CyberOrient, vol. 8 (1). ISSN 1804-3194. [Online] Available from: http://www.cyberorient.net/article.do?articleId=8865 (Accessed 14 January 2019)
Fawcett, R. (2013). The reality and future of Islamic feminism. Aljazeera, March 28, 2013.
Garcia-Aviles, J., Fuente-Cobo, C. & Macia-Barber, C. (2014). Journalists’ perceptions about regulation and conflicts in their work: the case of Madrid-based new professionals. Observatorio Journal, vol. 8 (2), 123-142.
Gauntlett, D. (2008). Media, gender and identity: An introduction. Routledge.
Ginsburg, F.D., Abu-Lughod, L. & Larkin, B. eds., (2002). Media worlds. Berkeley: University of California Press.
أعلى النموذج
Hanitzsch, T. et al. (2011). Mapping Journalism Cultures across Nations, Journalism Studies, vol. 12 (3), 273- 293.
Kan’an, A. (2018), Communication theories, Available at: https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=whBhDwAAQBAJ&hl=ar  (Accessed 02 January 2020)
Kolalwatan. (2010). Kolalwatan web site [Online] Available from: http://www.kolalwatn.net  (Accessed 12 April 2015).
Makki, Y. (2005). The social reality for Saudi women, concerns and problems awaiting solution. The third meeting of the National Dialogue, Medina.
Mansell, R. & Raboy, M. (2011). The Handbook of Global Media and Communication Policy. London:Wiley-Blackwell.
Mellado, C. & Humanes, M.L. (2012). Modeling perceived professional autonomy in Chilean journalism. Journalism: Theory, Practice and Criticism, vol. 13 (8), 985-1003.
Mellor, N. (2010a). ‘Assessing the Role of Arab Women in the Media Sector’.  Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, vol. 3(3),  151-157.
Mellor, N. (2010b). More than a parrot: the case of Saudi women journalists. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research, vol. 3 (3), 207-222.
Mellor, N. (2011). Arab journalists in Transnational Media. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Miles, M. B. &  Huberman, M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. sage.
Naser, I. (2004). Altanshiah alejtmaeiah. Amman: Dar Ammar.
Nazir, S. & Tomppert, L. (2005). Women’s Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Citizenship and Justice. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Olivetti, C. (2013). The female labor force and long-run development: the American experience in comparative perspective. Proceedings of Human Capital in History Conference, Cambridge, MA December 2012.
O’Neill, C. & Gallagher, W. (2017). Debate room: Saudi Arabia’s dress codes are an affront to individual freedoms. The Journal.ie, 19 July 2017 [Online] Available from: http://www.thejournal.ie/readme/debate-room-saudi-arabias-dress-codes-are-an-affront-to-individual-freedoms-3503699-Jul2017/ (Accessed 13 September 2018)
Oni-Ojo, B. E., Iyiola, O. O. & Osibanjo, A. O. (2014). Managing workplace conflicts in business environment: the role of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). European Journal of Business and Management, vol. 6 (36), 74-82.
O'Sullivan, J. & Heinonen, A. (2008) Old Values, New Media: Journalism role perceptions in a changing world, Journalism Practice, vol. 2 (3), 357-371.
Press Reference (2018). Saudi Arabia. [Online] Available from:  http://www.pressreference.com/Sa-Sw/Saudi-Arabia.html (Accessed 05 May 2018)
Quamar, M.M. (2016). Sociology of the veil in Saudi Arabia: dress code, individual choices, and questions on women’s empowerment. Digest of Middle East Studies, vol. 25 (2), 315-337.
Reda, A. (2004). Saudi Women in Media, Cairo: Faculty of Communication, Cairo University.
Reda, A. (2011), Saudi Women in the Media: Saudi and Egyptian Perspectives, Unpublished MA Dissertation, American University of Cairo, Cairo.
Reese, S. (2016). Theories of journalism. Oxford Research Encyclopaedia, Communication. Oxford University Press
Saghiya, H. (2006). ‘The Arab Press and Various Sources of Repression’, in Arab Media in the Information Age, Dubai: The Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies and Research.
Sakr, N. ed., (2004). Women and media in the Middle East: Power through self-expression, vol. 41, IB Tauris.
 
Sakr, N. (2006). Foreign support for media freedom advocacy in the Arab Mediterranean: globalization from above or below? Mediterranean Politics, vol. 11 (1).
Sakr, N. (2007). “Women-Media Interaction in the Middle East: An Introductory Overview” (ed.), Women and Media in the Middle East: Power through Self Expression,  I. B. Touris & Co. Ltd., London,  1-14.
Sakr, N. (2009). Women and media in Saudi Arabia: changes and contradictions. Reset Dialogues on Civilisations.
Solomon, E. (2014). Development Journalism and Gender. A Case Study of Broadcasting Media in Tanzania. Unpublished PhD dissertation submitted at the Institute of Politics and Communications, Free University, Berlin, Germany.
Spilsbury, M. (2014). Emerging skills for journalists. Saffron Walden, UK: National Council for the Training of Journalists.
The Guardian (2005). Breaking the silence. October 5, 2005.
The Guardian (2014). Saudi Arabia’s first female editor of national newspaper appointed. February 17, 2014.
The National (2018). Female news anchor makes history on Saudi TV. September 22, 2018. [Online] Available from: https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/television/female-news-anchor-makes-history-on-saudi-tv-1.772720 (Accessed 09 October 2018)
Van Zoonen, L. (1994). Feminist media studies, vol. 9,  London: Sage.
Walsh, I., Holton, J.A., Bailyn, L., Fernandez,W., Levina,N. & Glaser, B. (2015). What grounded theory is ... a critically reflective conversation among scholars. Organizational Research Methods, vol. 18 (4), 581-599.
World Economic Forum (2017). The Global Gender Gap Report 2017. [Online] Available from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2017.pdf  (Accessed 05 February 2018)
Yamani, M. (2000). Changed Identities: The Challenges of the New Generation in Saudi Arabia. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs.
Yaquobi, M. (2004). ‘The Impact of Reality TV on Egyptian Youth’, Global Media Journal, vol. 1 (2), [Online] Available from: http://www.aucegypt.edu/academic/gmj/05F/05F_May.html
Zawawi, S. (2007a). ‘Saudi Women not Allowed to Visit Foreign Embassies’ in Saudi Gazette [Online] Available from:  http://www.wluml.org/node/4031  (Accessed 04 April 2015).