The Public Sphere and the Communicative Action of Habermas as guiding frameworks for media research - a critical analytical view

Document Type : Original Article

Author

faculty of Women,Ain Shams university,Cairo,Egypt

Abstract

This research paper aims to provide an analytical critical insight of some previous Arabic and Foreign studies, that proceeded from Habermas’s theoretical issues of “Public Sphere, and Communicative Action”, to analyze the actual role of the traditional and digital media in circulating and securing the intellectual dominance of the hegemonic forces in society or enable the free discussion.
The study based on the qualitative analysis of 25 Arabic studies and 23 English studies using the secondary analysis from 2011-2021.
The results revealed a continuing controversy among the Arab and Foreign researchers about the role of social networks and digital media in creating a free public sphere, based on rational debate and rational communicative dialogue compared to traditional media, especially after the political transformations that many Arab countries have witnessed in the past decade. Except, the findings warned from absolute assurance for the role of these networks in creating the public sphere, with the necessity of considering the ethics of the discourse presented through the virtual public sphere which may go beyond moderate opinions and threaten the desired democracy. As well as the need to study this area within the framework of its relationship with the historical, political and social context of society, while emphasizing the difficulty of applying the public sphere in the Habermasian sense to Arab societies.
This research paper also called for more attention, especially at the Arab level, to examine the role of the media, especially the digital media, in achieving this rational communicative activity on the one hand, and the other hand, delving into the Marxist cultural heritage and reviewing the writings of some Frankfurt School scholars in an attempt to test the possibility of developing a new theory about communication. Deals with the idealism of the public sphere's concepts and communication that is revealed by the qualitative analysis of previous studies.

Keywords

Main Subjects


- Afifi, H. (2017)., "alqadaya alaiqtisadiat kama taekisuha alsahafat almisriat fi marhalat ma baed 25 yanayir", risalat majistir ghayr manshurtin, kuliyat albanat liladab waleulum waltarbiati, jamieat Ain Shams, 47-48.
-Shabab, A. (2019). "nzariat alfiel altawasuliu eind habirmas waealaqatiha bialthaqafat wal'iielami", majalat madarat tarikhiatin, markaz Almadar Almaerifii lil'abhath waldirasati, 1(3), 350.
-Abu Al-Saud, A. (2004). "nzariat alfiel altawasuliu eind habirmas", 'awraq Falsafia, 10(2), 314.
-Zaruwq, J. (2017), bidiaf suhilat, "alshabakat aliajtimaeiat al'iiliktruniat wa'iishkaliat tatbiq nazariat almajal aleami lihabirmas fi albuhuth alearabiati", majalat Afaq lileulumi, 8(2), 188.
-Aknan, M. (2018), "alnazariat alatisaliat eind yurghin Habirmas markaz aldirasat Al'iistirajiati", 158(4), 159-160.
6-Data Reportal," Digital 2022Global Overview Report", January, 2022
-Alhurani, M., Alazam, A. (2018). "almajal aleami eabr fys buk sigha jadida litajawuz). alhudud aljandariat altaqlidiat ladaa almar'at al'urduniyati: tatbiq nazariat almajal aleami", dirasat aleulum al'iinsaniat walaijtimaeiat aljamieat Al'urduniya, 4(2), 352-353.
-Marshal, G. (2000). "musueat eilm aliaijtimae" - tarjamat Muhamad Aljawhari, almujalad Al'uwal, almajlis al'aelaa liltarjamati, Alqahira, sa363.
9- Form plus," What is Secondary Research? Method&Examples" ,(2021)
-Finlayson, J. (2015). "yurjin habirmas- muqadimat qasirat jdan", muasasat hindawaa liltaelim walthaqafati, Alqahira, 10.
12-Scott John,"Fifty Key Sociologists: The Contemporary Theorists", (2006). p126-128.
https://almania.diplo.de/ ardz-ar/-/2228002
14 - Edgar F Borgatta, Borgatta L. Marie , "Encyclopedia of sociology", vol 1,Library of Congress Catalog in Publication Data New York,(2000),p.388.
-Abd Alrahman, A. (2002). "alnazariat alnaqdiat fi buhuth aliatisali", Alqahira, dar Alfikr Alearbii, 29-32.
-Thabit, N. (2019), "alfada' aleamu eind habirmas: fi almafhum waltahawulat altaarikhiati", majalat jamieat alnajah lilabhathi- aleulum al'iinsaniatu, jamieat alnajah alwataniati, Al'urdun, 3(1), 408.
- Tala, L., "alfada' aleumumii alaitisalii eindama tathur shabakat alantirnta", majalat alhikmat lildirasat alfalsafiati, muasasat kunuz alhikmat lilnashr waltawziei, Aljazayar, 7(5), 121-122.
-Mansur, A. (2002). "nzariat habirmas fi almajal aleami", 'awraq falsafiatun, 7(2), 253.
-Teleb, R. (2015). "khitab almuatanat fi almawaqie al'iiliktruniat al'iikhbariat waineikasatih ealaa mumarasat alshabab aljamieii- dirasatan maydaniatan bijamieat al'iiskandriati", risalat dukturat ghayr manshurt, kuliyat Albanat liladab waleulum waltarbiati, jamieat Ain Shams, 48.
-Alhaj, K. (2020), "nazariaat al'iielam waliatisali, aljamieat Aliaftiradia Alsuwria", 120-125.
-Bouras, N.,  Ghadban, M. (2020). "altarshid alaitisalii lilwaey aljamahirii alsiyasii fi albinyat alraqamiat min dawaamat alsamt 'iilaa aijtiaz almujtamae altaqlidaa - dirasat tahliliat lieayinat min safahat nushata' eabr alwasayit alraqamiati", kuliyat aleulum al'iinsaniat walaijtimaeiati, jamieat Muhamad Khaydar Biskra, (2020), 44.
-Alali, H. (2017), "alfada' aleumumii wadawrih fi tafeil alfikr altawasuliu eind habirmas", majalat Altawasul fi aleulum Al'iinsaniat waliajtimaeiati, 50(4), 193, 197.
- Abbas, F. (2018), "tajaliaat alfada' aleumumii alaiftiradii min khilal altafaeul alaiftiradii eabr almajmueat alaiftiradiati- dirasat tahliliat 'iithnwjrafia", almajalat Aljazayiriat lil'abhath waldirasati, 4(2), 118.
-Fouad, A. (2016)., sahafat almuatin fi daw' nazariat almajal aleami, almajalat aleilmiat libuhuth alsahafati, kuliyat Al'iielam, jamieat Alqahira, 591.
 
--Bayoumi, K. (2019), "'anmat alaistifadat min nazariat alfiel altawasuliu lihabirmas fi tajdid alkhitab al'iielamii alearabii - muhawalatan susyulujiatan "- majalat Oulum al'iinsan walmujtamae -, 2(8), 66.
-Bou Mounir, K. (2010). "alnazariat alnaqdiat limadrasat frankfurt min Max Horkheimer ela Axel Höneth ", aldaar Alearabiat lileulumi, Beirut, 123-124.
 46- Johnson James,"Habermas on Strategic and Communicative Action" Political Theory, vol 19, no2, (1991), p.181.
-Howe, A. (2010). alnazariat alnaqdiatu- madrasat frankfurti, tarjamat thayir dib, dar Aleayn lilnashri, Al'iiskandiria, 256.
-Riah, R. (2018). "alfada' alaiftiradii wa'iishkaliat alhiwar waltawasul eabr al'iielam aljadida: muqarabat habarmasiatan laeayinatan min almajmueat al'iiftiradiat eabr alfis buk", majalat alhikmat lildirasat al'iielamiat walaitisaliati, muasasat kunuz Alhikma lilnashr waltawziei, 13(2), 122.
52- Traducao de Jorge, "The Public Sphere 50 Years Later: Public S phere And Mass Media in Jurgen Habermas- In honor of the 50 years of The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere", Problemata: R. Intern. Fil. Vol. 03. No. 02. (2012), pp. 228-274. http://dx.doi.org
-'abu Duh, K. (2011). "mafhum almajal aleami al'abead alnazariat waltatbiqati", almajalat Alearabiat lieilm aliaijtimae , 15(1), 139-151.
55-Simon Susen,"Critical Notes on Haberma’s Theory of the Public Sphere "City Research Online, City University of London, volume.5, number 1, (2011), pp37-62, https://openaccess.city.ac.uk.  On 22/9/2020.
56-Anucta- Gabriela Tarta,"Clash of the European Public Spheres: offline versus online, and cultural versus political", PhD Candidate, Department of Mass Media, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, (2011) https://www.culturaldiplomacy.org.  on 22/9/2020.
 
-Smishi, W. (2014). alhiwar al'iiliktruniu walfada' aleamu aliaftiradiu - muntadayat alniqash al'iiliktruniat namudhaja, majalat Aleulum Alansania, 41(2), 563-578.
-Hassan, S. (2016). "qadaya almar'at fi almudawanat al'iiliktruniat - dirasat tahliliatun", risalat majistir ghayr manshurtin, kuliyat albanat liladab waleulum waltarbiati, jamieat Ain shams.
-Mustafaa, R. (2017). "al'iielam altaqlidiu waljadidi" tahlil muqarin lilqanawat alfadayiyat wamawqie alyutyuba", risalat majistir ghayr manshurtin, kuliyat Albanat liladab waleulum waltarbiati, jamieat Ain shams.
63-Muhammed Zubair Khan, Ijaz Shafi Gilani, Allah Nawaz, "From Habermas Model to New Public Sphere: A Paradigm Shift", Global Journal of Human Social Science, vol. 12, issue 5, (2012), pp43-51.
64-Petros Losifidis, "The public Sphere, Social Networks, and Public Service" Media Information Communication and Society, vol14, issue 5, (2011), pp1-19.
65- Christian Fuchs, "Social Media and the Public Sphere", triple, vol12, n1, (2014), pp57-101. www.tripleC.at.index.php/triple . on 22/9/2020.
66-Erlis Cela,"Social Media as a New Form of Public Shere", European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research, vol.4, Nr.1, (2015), pp195-200.
67-Jan-Felix Schrape,"Social Media, Mass Media and the Public Shere differentiation, Complementarity and Co-existence", Research Contributions to Organizational Sociology and Innovation Studies, University of Stuttgant, (2016), pp5-21.
68-Dan E hrenfeld, Matt Barton," Online Public Spheres in the Era of Fake News: Implications for the Composition Classroom", Computers and composition, Vol.54, (2019).
-Kadwany, S. (2014), "aistikhdam alshabab lilshabakat alaijtimaeiat ealaa al'iintirnit waealaqatih bialtahawul aldiymuqratii fi masra- dirasat tatbiqiatun", risalat dukturat ghayr manshurt, kuliyat Aladab, jamieat Assyut.
- Kourani, H. (20150, "al'iielam aljadid wadawruh fi tashkil alraay aleami ladaa alshabab aljamieii: dirasat tatbiqiat ealaa mawqie alfis buk Face book", risalat majistir ghayr manshurti, kuliyat Albanat liladab waleulum waltarbiati, jamieat Ain shams.
-Hassan, E. (2015). "duwr shabakat altawasul alaijtimaeii fi tashkil aitijahat shabab jamieat Suhaj nahw alqadaya alsiyasiat fi daw' nazariat almajal aleama", majalat kuliyat Aladab, kuliyat Aladab, jamieat Suhaj, 39 (4), 431-464.
-Abd Allatif, S. (2018). "minasat altawasul alaijtimaeii twitar walnukhbat alsiyasiat fi masr", risalat majistir ghayr manshurti, kuliyat Albanat liladab waleulum waltarbiati, jamieat Ain shams.
-Saeid, S. (2021). "thaqafat shabakat altawasul alaijtimaeaayi wa'atharuha ealaa tashkil alraay aleami ladaa alshabab aljamieii", risalat majistir ghayr manshurtin, kuliyat Aladab, jamieat Benha.
-Lieiadi, J. (2011), "fada' eumumiun 'am mikhyal 'iielami- muqarabat nazariatan litumathil altilifiziun fi almintaqat alearabiati", hawliaat Aladab waleulum alaijtimaeiati, Alkuayt, 31(2), 8-128.
-Alhaydary, A. (2017). "almajal aleumumii wa'iintaj aldiymuqratiati", 'aemal almutamar alearabii warihanat altaghyir fi zili altahawulati, kuliyat al'iielam wamarkaz dirasat alwahdat alearabiat, aljamieat Allubnania, 67-81.
79- Shaker Althiabi,"The Emmergence of Social Media Networks and Their Impacts on Professional Journalism Practices in Saudi Arabia",A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Nottingham Trent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,(2017).
80- Djefalfa Daoud,"Is there Arab Public Sphere?",
81-Petros Iosifidis, Mark Wheeler, "The Public Sphere and Network Democracy Social Movements and Political Change", Global Media Journal, vol13, issue 25, (2015), pp1-17.
82-Peiren Shao, Yun Wang, "How Does Social Media change Chinese Political Culture? The formation of fragmentized Public Sphere", Telematics and Informatics, 34, (2017), pp694-704. www.elsevier.com. on 12/9/2020.
83-Paul S. N. Lee, Clement Y. K. So & others, "Social Media and Political partisanship- A subaltern public shere's role in democracy", Telimatics and Informatics (35), (2018), pp1949-1957.
84-Ari Adut, "Atheory of Public Sphere", Sociological Theory, vol30, n.4, (2012), pp238-262.
-Edgar, A., Joek, P. (2014), "musueat alnazariat althaqafiati"- tarjamat Hana' Aljawhari, ta2.
86- A. Fulya Sen, "The Social Media as a Public Sphere: The Rise of Social Opposition, International Conference on Communication", Media, Technology and Design, Turkey, (2012), pp490-494.
87-Victor Sampedro, Mayra Martinez Avidad,"The Digital Public Sphere: An Alternative and Counterhegemonic Space? The Case of Spain", International Journal of Communication (2018), pp 23–44.
-Buck, L. (2019), "muqadimat fi eilm aliajtimae althaqafii", tarjamat Samia Kadri, almarkaz Alqawmi liltarjamati, Alqahira, 39-41.
89 - Joel Bowerbank,"Facebook and Communicative Action: The Power of Social Media during the 2011 Egyptian Revolution", M.A in communication, Faculty of Arts, University of Ottawa, Canada, (2013).
-Abd Albari, O. (2014). "duwr shabakat altawasul fi 'iintaj almaerifat - dirasat tatbiqiat ealaa eayinat min mustakhdimi alfis buk", hawliaat aladab waleulum alaijtimaeiati, majlis alnashr alealmi, jamieat Alkuayta,  408(4).
-Farahat, S. (2020). "shabakat altawasul alaijtimaeii walthaqafat alkawniat -bhath fi al'iinthrubulujia alaijtimaeiati", majalat kuliyat aladab, jamieat Al'iiskandaria, 100(3) .
-Ibrahim, L. (2014). "muhadadat faeiliat alrisalat al'iielamiat liwikalat 'anba' Alsharq al'awsata", risalat dukturat ghayr manshurt, kuliyat albanat liladab waleulum waltarbiati, jamieat Ain Shams.
-Abd Alsalam, K. (2019). "'anmat alaistifadat min nazariat alfiel altawasuliu fi tajdid alkhitab al'iielamaa alearabii: muhawalat susyulujiatan", majalat eulum al'iinsan walmujtamaei, jamieat Muhamad Khaydar Biskra, 2(8), 59-88.
100- Jonathan kaye, "Communicative Action and Mass Communication via Internet Technologies", Honors Council of the Illinois Region Papers, (2014)
https://dc.cod.edu/hcir    on 19/9/2020
101-Ari Sulistyanto, Syaifuddin, "Social Media and Moral Movement: A Critique of Jurgen Habermas Communicative Action Theory", The 3rd International Conference on Social and Political Science, ”The impact of information Technology on Social and Political Dynamics” (2016), pp127 134. https:// www.researchgate.net. on 22/9/2020.
102- Sopuruchi Christian Aboh, Obiageli Chika Ezeudo,"Interactions on Facebook and Twitter: A Communicative Action Prespective Theory and Practice in Language Studies" vol (10), no (11), (2020), pp.1351-1358.
103-Simon Matingwina,"Social Media Communicative Action and Interplay with National Security: The case of Facebook and Political Participation in Zimbabwe", (2018).
104- Seungahn Nah, Deborah S. Chung (2016), Communicative Action and Citizen Journalism: A case study of Ohmy News in South Korea, International Journal of Communication, vol (10), pp2297-2317.